the Blue Peter

- the Blue Peter

- a Peter Funk

- a Peter Pan

- rob Peter to pay Paul

- tickle the peter

blue [blu:] (cont blueing or bluing)

1 noun

(a) (colour) bleu m;

∎ dressed in blue habillé en bleu

(b) the blue (sky) le ciel, literary l'azur m;

∎ they set off into the blue ils sont partis à l'aventure

(c) Politics = membre du parti conservateur britannique;

∎ a true blue (patriot) un(e) patriote mf; Politics un(e) conservateur(trice) m,f

(d) British University

∎ Cambridge/Oxford blue = étudiant sélectionné dans l'équipe de l'Université de Cambridge/d'Oxford;

∎ the Dark/Light Blues l'équipe f universitaire d'Oxford/de Cambridge;

∎ he got a blue for cricket il a représenté son université au cricket

(e) American familiar (police officer) flic m

(f) (for laundry) bleu m

(g) British & Australian familiar (argument) prise f de bec; (fight) bagarre f

(h) (idioms)

∎ out of the blue sans prévenir;

∎ he arrived out of the blue il est arrivé à l'improviste;

∎ the job offer came out of the blue la proposition de travail est tombée du ciel;

∎ her resignation was or came like a bolt from the blue sa démission a été une véritable surprise

2 adjective

(a) (colour) bleu;

∎ to go or turn blue (of sky, litmus paper) virer au bleu; (of person → because suffocating, near death) devenir violacé ou bleu;

∎ to be blue with cold être bleu de froid;

∎ familiar I've told you so until I'm blue in the face je me tue à te le dire;

∎ familiar you can argue until you're blue in the face but she still won't give in vous pouvez vous tuer à discuter, elle ne s'avouera pas vaincue pour autant;

∎ figurative to take a blue pencil to sth censurer qch

(b) familiar (depressed) triste^□, cafardeux;

∎ to feel blue avoir le cafard

(c) familiar (obscene → language, joke) obscène^□, cochon; (→ book, movie) porno;

∎ to tell blue jokes en dire de vertes, en raconter des vertes et des pas mûres;

∎ British his jokes turn the air blue ses plaisanteries sont affreusement cochonnes

(d) British familiar (idioms)

∎ to have a blue fit piquer une crise;

∎ to scream or to shout blue murder crier comme un putois;

∎ once in a blue moon tous les trente-six du mois;

∎ American he talks a blue streak il n'arrête pas de jacasser

(e) Politics conservateur(trice) m,f

3 transitive verb

(a) British familiar (squander → money) claquer;

∎ he blued his inheritance on the horses il a claqué son héritage en jouant aux courses

(b) (laundry) passer au bleu

4 blues noun

(a) familiar (depression)

∎ the blues le cafard;

∎ to get or to have the blues avoir le cafard

(b) Music le blues;

∎ to sing the blues chanter le blues; American figurative (complain) pleurnicher

5 Blues plural noun

∎ Military the Blues and Royals = section de la Cavalerie de la Maison du Souverain britannique

►► Medicine blue baby enfant mf bleu(e);

Military blue berets casques mpl bleus;

American Blue Birds = section du "Camp Fire Club" réservée aux jeunes enfants;

blue blood sang m bleu ou noble;

blue book British Parliament livre m bleu; American University cahier m d'examen; American (social register) = sorte de bottin mondain, ≃ gotha m;

blue cheese (fromage m) bleu m;

blue chip Stock Exchange (stock) valeur f de père de famille ou de premier ordre; Finance (investment) placement m de bon rapport;

blue fox (animal) isatis m, renard m bleu; (fur) renard m bleu;

British familiar blue funk sacrée frousse f, peur f bleue;

∎ she left in a blue funk elle est partie complètement terrorisée;

Ornithology blue goose oie f bleue;

Ornithology blue jay geai m bleu;

American blue jeans jean m;

American familiar blue laws = lois qui, au nom de la morale, limitent certaines activités telles que l'ouverture des commerces le dimanche, la vente d'alcool etc;

Sport blue line (in ice hockey) ligne f bleue;

American the Blue Mountain State = surnom donné à l'Orégon;

Music blue note = tierce ou septième diminuée, très utilisée dans le blues;

Television Blue Peter = émission télévisée britannique pour enfants, à vocation pédagogique;

Nautical blue peter pavillon m de partance;

the Blue Ridge Mountains Montagnes fpl bleues (dans les Appalaches);

blue rinse rinçage m à reflets bleus;

Ichthyology blue shark requin m bleu;

Zoology blue whale baleine f bleue

✾ Music 'The Blue Danube' Johann Strauss 'Le Beau Danube bleu'

ⓘ BLUE Sur la scène politique britannique, la couleur bleue représente le parti conservateur. Dans le milieu des sports universitaires, le bleu foncé est porté par les joueurs d'Oxford, le bleu clair par ceux de Cambridge.

blue [blu:]

1. adjective

   a. bleu

• blue with cold bleu de froid

• you can shout till you're blue in the face, nobody will come (inf) tu auras beau crier, personne ne viendra

• once in a blue moon tous les trente-six du mois (inf)

   b. ( = miserable) (inf) cafardeux

• to feel blue avoir le cafard

   c. ( = pornographic) (inf) porno (inf) inv

2. noun

   a. ( = colour) bleu m

   b. to come out of the blue être complètement inattendu ; [pleasant thing] tomber du ciel

   c. ( = depression) (inf) the blues le cafard

• to have the blues avoir le cafard

   d. (Music) the blues le blues

3. compounds

► blue-black adjective noir bleuté inv

► blue blood noun sang m bleu

► blue book noun (US in school) cahier m d'examen

► blue cheese noun (fromage m ) bleu m

► blue collar worker noun col m bleu

► blue-eyed adjective aux yeux bleus

• the blue-eyed boy le chouchou (inf) ► blue jeans plural noun blue-jean(s) m(pl)

► blue tit noun mésange f bleue

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

Célèbre émission télévisée pour enfants dont les programmes vont du documentaire à la recette de cuisine et à la confection d'objets artisanaux. Les badges Blue Peter récompensent les spectateurs qui participent aux émissions ou se rendent utiles à la communauté.

* * *

1) ( colour) bleu m

2) ( sky) littér

3) GB University

4) (colloq) GB Politics

blues plural noun

1) Music

2) (colloq) ( depression)

1) ( in colour) bleu; fig

2) ( depressed)

3) (colloq) ( smutty) [film] porno (colloq); [joke] osé, cochon/-onne (colloq)

4) (colloq) GB Politics conservateur/-trice

••

A a.

1 azzurro; turchino; blu: blue eyes, occhi azzurri; blue sky, cielo azzurro; blue smoke, fumo azzurrino; blue fox, volpe azzurra

2 livido ( in volto); cianotico: to go blue, diventare cianotico

3 triste; depresso; d'umor nero: to be feeling blue, essere depresso; essere giù di corda (o di morale, di giri) (fam.)

4 (polit.) conservatore

5 (fam.) indecente; spinto; scollacciato: blue jokes, barzellette spinte

6 pornografico; porno; a luci rosse: a blue film ( USA: a blue movie), un film porno; un pornofilm

7 ( slang USA) sbronzo

B n.

1 [u] (color) azzurro; turchino; blu: Blue is my favourite colour, l'azzurro è il mio colore preferito; dark blue, blu (scuro); deep blue, azzurro intenso; turchino; blu; light blue, azzurro chiaro; celeste; navy blue, blu scuro; blu marino; sky blue, azzurro cielo; celeste; dressed in blue, vestito di blu; to wear blue, vestire di blu

2 – the blue, il cielo; il mare; il blu

3 [u] turchinetto ( usato nelle lavanderie)

4 (polit.) conservatore: a true blue, un conservatore intransigente

5 (al pl.: the blues) (fam.) depressione; malinconia; tristezza; umor nero: to have the blues, essere depresso (o malinconico, triste)

6 (al pl., col verbo al sing. o al pl.) (mus.) blues

7 ( sport, in GB) atleta di una squadra universitaria di Oxford o di Cambridge; riconoscimento assegnato a uno di questi atleti

8 (stor. USA) soldato dell'Unione

9 ( slang Austral.) errore; gaffe; magra (pop.)

10 ( slang Austral.) combattimento; lotta

11 (al pl.: the Blues) (in GB) le Guardie Reali a cavallo

● (fam.) blue about the gills ► gill (1) □ (metall.) blue annealing, ricottura al blu □ blue baby, bambino cianotico ( alla nascita); bambino blu □ blue black, nero notte □ blue blood, sangue blu □ blue-blooded, di sangue blu; nobile □ blue book, (ingl.) libro azzurro ( relazione di atti del Parlamento); ( USA) registro di persone importanti; (fam. USA) esame, test ( a scuola) □ (telef. USA) blue box, dispositivo elettronico che elimina la registrazione degli addebiti per le chiamate in teleselezione □ (alim.) blue cheese, formaggio con venature verdastre (Stilton, Danish Blue, gorgonzola, ecc.) □ blue chip, ( poker) fiche blu ( che vale più di tutte); ( Borsa) blue chip, titolo guida, azione sicura, titolo d'élite □ blue-chip (agg.), (fin.) ( di titolo) sicuro; ( di società) solida; (polit.: di seggio parlamentare) sicuro; ( in genere) prestigioso, di prima qualità □ blue coat, persona che indossa una giacca blu (spec. di uniforme); poliziotto; marinaio (fig.) □ blue-collar (agg.), operaio: a blue-collar union, un sindacato operaio; blue-collar worker, operaio (sost.); colletto blu; tuta blu □ ( USA) blue cross, mutua ( per l'assistenza medica) □ (fam.) the blue devils, la depressione: to have the blue devils, essere depresso □ ( marina mil., in GB) the blue ensign, la bandiera della riserva navale □ blue-eyed, dagli occhi azzurri; (fam.) favorito, prediletto; ingenuo, innocente; ( per i neri) bianco; di pelle bianca: sb. 's blue-eyed boy, il cocco di q. □ blue funk, panico; fifa (fam.): to be in a blue funk, avere una fifa tremenda □ blue-grey, grigio azzurro □ (zool., Lepus timidus) blue hare, lepre delle Alpi □ blue helmet, casco blu; soldato dell'ONU □ blue jeans, blue jeans □ (fam. USA) blue law, legge statale che regola l'apertura dei negozi, dei luoghi di divertimento, ecc., di domenica; (stor., nel periodo coloniale) legge che proibiva passatempi e divertimenti di domenica □ (geogr.) Blue Nile, Nilo Blu □ (mus. jazz) blue note, blue note □ (mil.) blue-on-blue ( incident), incidente da fuoco amico □ (naut., GB) Blue Peter, bandiera di partenza ( azzurra con un rettangolo bianco al centro); segnale di partenza □ blue riband (o blue ribbon), nastro azzurro; ( sport, in USA) coccarda ( come premio); (in GB) nastro dell'Ordine della Giarrettiera □ blue-ribbon (agg.), eccellente; di prima qualità □ blue rinse, tinta (o tintura) blu per i capelli: (fam., spreg.) blue-rinse brigade, tardone dai capelli blu (spec. se simpatizzano per i conservatori) □ (zool.) blue shark ( Prionace glauca), squalo azzurro; verdesca; verdone □ ( USA) blue-sky (agg.), non applicativo; puro; teorico; speculativo: blue-sky research, ricerca pura □ ( USA) blue-sky laws, leggi per la tutela dei piccoli investitori □ (fam., org. az., polit.) blue-sky thinking, il pensare senza limiti o preconcetti ( per concepire idee nuove e sperimentali) □ (miner.) blue spar, lazulite □ (polit., USA) blue state, Stato i cui abitanti votano in prevalenza per il Partito democratico □ (zool.) blue tit, ( Parus caeruleus) cinciarella □ (chim.) blue vetriol, vetriolo azzurro; solfato di rame □ blue water, alto mare □ (zool.) blue whale, ( Sibbaldus musculus) balenottera azzurra □ blue with cold, livido dal freddo □ once in a blue moon, di rado; a ogni morte di papa □ out of the blue, (avv.) improvvisamente, inaspettatamente, dal nulla; (agg.) improvviso, repentino, inaspettato □ to run like a blue streak, correre a rotta di collo □ (fam.) till one is blue in the face, fino a non poterne più; fino alla nausea; mille volte: You can call that boy till you're blue in the face, but he won't come, puoi sgolarti a chiamarlo, quel ragazzo, tanto non viene □ (fam.) to scream (o to shout) blue murder, strillare come un ossesso.

1 rendere blu; tingere in blu

2 (metall.) brunire ( un metallo)

3 ( in lavanderia) trattare con il turchinetto

4 (chim.) azzurrare.

adj. blauw; verdrietig (slang)

n. blauw

v. blauw kleuren; geld verspillen

[ bloe:] 〈 zelfstandig naamwoord〉

1  blauw

2  blauwsel 〈 om linnengoed te blauwen〉

3 〈 the〉 blauwe lucht

4  blauwtje 〈 vlinder〉

5 lid/kleur van een conservatieve politieke partij ⇒ 〈 Brits-Engels〉 Tory, conservatief

6 〈 Brits-Engels〉student(e) die universiteit vertegenwoordigt in sportwedstrijden tussen Oxford en Cambridge

♦voorbeelden:

1   dressed in blue • in het blauw (gekleed)

3   into the blue • naar/in het onbekende, in de ruimte

     out of the blue • plotseling, als een donderslag bij heldere hemel

¶ get/win one's blue • gekozen worden als vertegenwoordiger (van Oxford of Cambridge) in sportwedstrijden

————————

〈bijvoeglijk naamwoord; bluer; blueness〉

1  blauw ⇒ azuur

2  gedeprimeerd ⇒ triest, somber

3  conservatief ⇒ 〈 Brits-Engels〉 Tory

4 〈 informeel〉 obsceen ⇒ porno-, gewaagd

♦voorbeelden:

1   blue blood • blauw bloed

     blue blooded • van adellijke afkomst

     blue cheese • schimmelkaas

     blue-collar workers • handarbeiders

     blue helmet • blauwhelm

     blue with cold • blauw van de kou

2   I'm feeling blue today • ik voel me rot vandaag

     things are looking blue • de zaken staan er slecht voor

4   blue film/movie • pornofilm, seksfilm

¶ blue chip • prima aandeel

     〈 scheepvaart〉 blue ensign • Britse scheepsvlag

     wait till one is blue in the face • wachten tot je een ons weegt

     〈 informeel〉 have a blue fit • zich rot schrikken

     〈 informeel〉 be in a blue funk • ontzettend in paniek zijn; in de rats zitten

     once in a blue moon • (hoogst) zelden, zelden of nooit

     cry/scream/shout blue murder • moord en brand schreeuwen

     〈the; ook Blue Peter〉 blue peter • 〈 voornamelijk zeilsport〉start/vertrek/afvaartvlag

————————

〈 werkwoord〉

1) (of the colour of a cloudless sky: blue paint; Her eyes are blue.) azul

2) (sad or depressed: I'm feeling blue today.) triste, deprimido, melancólico

1) (the colour of a cloudless sky: That is a beautiful blue.) azul

2) (a blue paint, material etc: We'll have to get some more blue.) azul

3) (the sky or the sea: The balloon floated off into the blue.) cielo; mar

•

- blueness

blue adj n azul

tr[blʊː]

adjective

1 azul

2 (sad) triste

3 (depressed) deprimido,-a

4 (obscene) verde

■ a blue joke un chiste verde

noun

1 azul nombre masculino

■ light/dark blue azul claro/oscuro

plural noun blues

1 SMALLMUSIC/SMALL blues nombre masculino

plural noun the blues

1 la depresión nombre femenino

\

out of the blue como llovido del cielo

to be blue with cold estar amoratado,-a de frío

to have the blues estar deprimido,-a

to say something until one is blue in the face repetir algo hasta la saciedad

blue baby SMALLMEDICINE/SMALL bebé nombre masculino cianótico

blue blood sangre nombre femenino azul

blue mould moho

blue movie película porno

laundry blue azulete nombre masculino, añil nombre masculino

blue ['blu:] adj, bluer ; bluest

1) : azul

2) melancholy: melancólico, triste

blue n

: azul m

blue (Emotion)

• triste adj.

• amoratado, -a adj.

• azul adj.

• garzo, -a adj.

• azul s.m.

• añil s.m.

• pavonar v.

• melancólico, -a adj.

adjective bluer, bluest

1) <dress/sea/sky> azul

2) ( pornographic) (colloq) verde, porno adj inv, colorado (Méx)

3) ( unhappy) (esp AmE) triste, deprimido

noun azul m

1. ADJ

1) azul; [body, bruise] amoratado

- once in a blue moon

- you can shout till you're blue in the face

- go like a blue streak

- talk like a blue streak

2) * (=obscene) verde, colorado (LAm)

3) * (=sad) triste, deprimido

4) (Pol) conservador

2. N

1) (=colour) azul m

2) (Pol) conservador(a) m / f ; true-blue

3) (Chem) añil m

4)

- come out of the blue

5) blues (Mus) blues m ; (=feeling) melancolía f, tristeza f

6)

3. VT

1) [+ washing] añilar, dar azulete a

2) (Brit) * (=squander) despilfarrar

* * *

adjective bluer, bluest

1) <dress/sea/sky> azul

2) ( pornographic) (colloq) verde, porno adj inv, colorado (Méx)

3) ( unhappy) (esp AmE) triste, deprimido

noun azul m

1) (of the colour of a cloudless sky: blue paint; Her eyes are blue.) moder

2) (sad or depressed: I'm feeling blue today.) potrt

1) (the colour of a cloudless sky: That is a beautiful blue.) sinjina

2) (a blue paint, material etc: We'll have to get some more blue.) modra barva

3) (the sky or the sea: The balloon floated off into the blue.) modrina

•

- blueness

* * *

moder, sinji; plemiški (kri); žalosten, potrt, otožen; zvest, stanoviten; mrtvaško bled; učen (ženska); colloquially nespodoben; konservativen, torijevski

blue blood — plemenitaški rod

blue coat — vojak, mornar

blue disease — modrikavost kože, cianoza

blue devils — potrtost; delirium tremens

in a blue funk — živčen, prestrašen

to see through blue glasses — črno gledati

blue gum — vrsta evkaliptusa

blue joke — nespodoben dovtip

blue jeans — modre delovne hlače

to look ( —ali feel) blue — zbegan, potrt biti

American blue laws — pretirano strogi, puritanski zakoni

Blue Monday — zaspani ponedeljek

once in a blue moon — redkokdaj

to cry blue murder — zagnati krik in vik

blue pencil — cenzorjev svinčnik

Blue Peter — modra zastava (znak za odhod ladje)

till all is blue — neskončno dolgo; do nezavesti (se napiti)

a blue note — napačen zvok

blue ribbon — visoko odlikovanje; red podveze; znak vzdržnosti

blue rock — vrsta goloba

slang blue ruin — slaba vrsta brinjevca

true blue — zvest

to turn ( —ali make) the air blue — kvantati, zmerjati

blue water — odprto morje

modra barva, modrina, sinjina; modrilo; figuratively morje; nebo; modra tkanina ali obleka; British English član visokošolske športne reprezentance; konservativec; plural otožnost, potrtost

a bolt from the blue — strela z jasnega

to have (a fit of) the blues — biti zelo potrt

to give s.o. the blues — dolgočasiti koga

in the blue — daleč, nedosegljiv

out of the blue — ko strela z jasnega

Oxford blue — temnomodra barva

Cambridge blue — svetlomodra barva

the Blues — kraljeva konjeniška garda

the men ( —ali gentlemen, boys) in blue — policaji mornarji, vojaki ameriške federalne vojske

navy blue — temnomodra barva

Prussian blue — berlinsko modra barva

true blue — konservativec

to fire into the blue — na slepo streljati

pomodriti, plaviti

sl — zapravljati, razmetavati

1. n

1) синій колір; блакитний (голубий) колір

2) синя фарба; блакитна (голуба) фарба

3) синька

4) (the blue) небо; море; океан

5) синій одяг (форма)

6) розм. поліцейський

7) pl мор. синє обмундирування

8) моряк

9) pl (the blues) війська в синій формі

10) pl (the Blues) кінна гвардія

11) колір партії торі

12) консерватор, торі

13) член університетської спортивної команди

14) plрозм. меланхолія, хандра

2. adj

1) синій; блакитний; голубий

2) посинілий

3) неяскравий (про полум'я)

4) зляканий; похмурий, понурий; засмучений

5) вірний, постійний (тж true blue)

6) консервативний; що стосується партії торі

7) амер. пуританський, суворий

8) страшенний, жахливий

9) розм. непристойний; скабрезний, соромітний

10) ірон. учений (про жінку)

11) розм. п'яний

3. v

1) фарбувати в синій (блакитний) колір

2) синіти

3) синити (білизну)

4) воронити (сталь)

5) розм. витрачатися на гулянки; розтринькувати гроші

* * *

1) синій колір; блакитний, голубий колір

2) синя фарба; блакитна фарба; синька

3) ( the blue) небо; море, oкeaн

4) синє плаття ( форма); поліцейський; pl; мop. синє обмундирування

5) моряк

6) pl ( the blues) війська в синій формі; ( the Blues) кінна гвардія

7) колір партії торі; консерватор, торі; aмep.; icт. солдати армії Півночі

8) член університетської спортивної команди

9) див. bluestocking

10) що-небудь синє

11)

1) синій; голубий, блакитний; блакитнуватий

2) посинілий

3) неяскравий ( про полум'я)

4) переляканий; смутний, пригнічений

5) вірний, постійний (тж. true blue)

6) який стосується, відноситься до партії торі; консервативний

7) aмep. пуританський, строгий

8) емоц.- посил. страшенний, жахливий

9) непристойний

10) вчений ( про жінку)

11) aвcтpaл. п'яний

12) у стилі "блюз"

13)

1) фарбувати в синій колір; синіти

2) синити білизну

3) воронувати сталь

4) cл. розтринькати, пустити на вітер

1)

2) ( in titles)

3) ( in comparisons)

* * *

1) (used to refer to a person, thing etc mentioned previously, described in a following phrase, or already known: Where is the book I put on the table?; Who was the man you were talking to?; My mug is the tall blue one; Switch the light off!)

2) (used with a singular noun or an adjective to refer to all members of a group etc or to a general type of object, group of objects etc: The horse is running fast.; I spoke to him on the telephone; He plays the piano/violin very well.)

3) (used to refer to unique objects etc, especially in titles and names: the Duke of Edinburgh; the Atlantic (Ocean).)

4) (used after a preposition with words referring to a unit of quantity, time etc: In this job we are paid by the hour.)

5) (used with superlative adjectives and adverbs to denote a person, thing etc which is or shows more of something than any other: He is the kindest man I know; We like him (the) best of all.)

6) ((often with all) used with comparative adjectives to show that a person, thing etc is better, worse etc: He has had a week's holiday and looks (all) the better for it.)

•

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SUBJECT AREA: Broadcasting, Electronics and information technology, Recording

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After education in Hungary and a period as an assistant at the Technische Hochschule, Berlin, Goldmark moved to England, where he joined Pye of Cambridge and worked on an experimental thirty-line television system using a cathode ray tube (CRT) for the display. In 1936 he moved to the USA to work at Columbia Broadcasting Laboratories. There, with monochrome television based on the CRT virtually a practical proposition, he devoted his efforts to finding a way of producing colour TV images: in 1940 he gave his first demonstration of a working system. There then followed a series of experimental field-sequential colour TV systems based on segmented red, green and blue colour wheels and drums, where the problem was to find an acceptable compromise between bandwidth, resolution, colour flicker and colour-image breakup. Eventually he arrived at a system using a colour wheel in combination with a CRT containing a panchromatic phosphor screen, with a scanned raster of 405 lines and a primary colour rate of 144 fields per second. Despite the fact that the receivers were bulky, gave relatively poor, dim pictures and used standards totally incompatible with the existing 525-line, sixty fields per second interlaced monochrome (black and white) system, in 1950 the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), anxious to encourage postwar revival of the industry, authorized the system for public broadcasting. Within eighteen months, however, bowing to pressure from the remainder of the industry, which had formed its own National Television Systems Committee (NTSC) to develop a much more satisfactory, fully compatible system based on the RCA three-gun shadowmask CRT, the FCC withdrew its approval.

While all this was going on, Goldmark had also been working on ideas for overcoming the poor reproduction, noise quality, short playing-time (about four minutes) and limited robustness and life of the long-established 78 rpm 12 in. (30 cm) diameter shellac gramophone record. The recent availability of a new, more robust, plastic material, vinyl, which had a lower surface noise, enabled him in 1948 to reduce the groove width some three times to 0.003 in. (0.0762 mm), use a more lightly loaded synthetic sapphire stylus and crystal transducer with improved performance, and reduce the turntable speed to 33 1/3 rpm, to give thirty minutes of high-quality music per side. This successful development soon led to the availability of stereophonic recordings, based on the ideas of Alan Blumlein at EMI in the 1930s.

In 1950 Goldmark became a vice-president of CBS, but he still found time to develop a scan conversion system for relaying television pictures to Earth from the Lunar Orbiter spacecraft. He also almost brought to the market a domestic electronic video recorder (EVR) system based on the thermal distortion of plastic film by separate luminance and coded colour signals, but this was overtaken by the video cassette recorder (VCR) system, which uses magnetic tape.

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See also: Baird, John Logie

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   ■ Saraiva de Carvalho, Otelo. Alvorada em Abril. Amadora (Portugal): Bertrand, 1977.

   ■ Selvagem, Carlos. Portugal Militar. Compendio de Historia Militar e Naval de Portugal. Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional, 1931.

   ■ Spinola, Antonio de. Portugal e o Futuro. Lisbon: Arcadia, 1974.

   ■. Pais Sem Rumo. Contributo para a historia de uma Revolucao. Lisbon: Scire, 1978.

   ■ Teixeira, Nuno Severiano. Portugal e a Guerra. Historia das intervencoes militares portuguesas nos grandes conflitos mundiais do seculo XX. Lisbon: Ed. Colibri, 1999.

   ■. Coord., Nova Historia Militar de Portugal, 5 vols. Lisbon: Circulo de Leitores, 2003-.

   ■ Valente, Vasco Pulido. O Poder e o Povo. A Revolucao de 1910. Lisbon: Moraes, 1976, 1982.

   ■ Wheeler, Douglas L. Republican Portugal: A Political History ( 1910-1926). Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1978, 1998.

   ■. A Ditadura Militar Portuguesa ( 1926-1933). Mem Martins: Europa- America, 1988.

   ■. "The Military and the Portuguese Dictatorship, 1926-1974: "The Honor of the Army." In Lawrence S. Graham and Harry M. Makler, eds., Contemporary Portugal: The Revolution and Its Antecedents. 191-219. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979.

   ■ Government and Politics since 1974

   ■ Aguiar, Joaquim. "Hidden Fluidity in an Ultra-Stable Party System." In E. de Sousa Ferreira and W. C. Opello, Jr., eds., Conflict and Change in Portugal, 1974-1984, 101-27. Lisbon, 1985.

   ■ Braga da Cruz, Manuel, ed. Sistema Eleitoral Portugües: Debate Político e Parlamentar. Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional/ Casa da Moeda, 1998.

   ■, ed. "Portugal Político 25 Anos Depois." In Análise Social XXXV, 154/155 (Summer, 2000): 1-404.

   ■ Bruneau, Thomas C., and Alex Macleod. Politics in Contemporary Portugal: Parties and the Consolidation of Democracy. Boulder, Colo.: Rienner, 1986.

   ■ Bruneau, Thomas C., ed. Political Parties and Democracy in Portugal. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1997. Carlucci, Frank. "Confiei no Povo Portugues." Visao (Lisbon), April 10, 1997, 46-47.

   ■. "The View from the U.S. Embassy." In Hans Binnendijk, ed., Authoritarian Regimes in Transition. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of State, Foreign Service Institute, Center for the Study of Foreign Affairs, 1987.

   ■ Coelho, Mário Baptista, ed. Portugal. O Sistema Política a Constitucional, 1974-87. Lisbon: Instituto de Ciências Sociais, UNL, 1989.

   ■ Costa Pinto, Antonio. "Settling Accounts with the Past in a Troubled Transition to Democracy: The Portuguese Case." In Alexandra Barahona De Brito, Carmen Gonzalez-Enriquez, and Paloma Aguilar, eds., The Politics of Memory: Transitional Justice in Democratizing Societies, 65-91. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.

   ■ Cruzeiro, Maria Manuela. Costa Gomes-o Ultimo Marechal. Lisbon: Edit. Noticias, 1998.

   ■ Domingos, Emídio Da Veiga. Portugal Político. Análise das Instituiçoes. Lisbon, 1989.

   ■ Goldey, David. "Elections and the Consolidation of Portuguese Democracy: 1974-1983." Electoral Studies 2, 3 (1983): 229-40.

   ■ Graham, Lawrence S. "Institutionalizing Democracy: Governance in Post-1974 Portugal." In Ali Farazmand, ed., Handbook of Comparative and Development Public Administration, 81-90. New York: Dekker, 1991.

   ■, and Douglas L. Wheeler, eds. In Search of Modern Portugal: The Revolution and Its Consequences. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.

   ■ Gunther, Richard. "Spain and Portugal." In G. A. Dorfman and P. J. Duignan, eds., Politics in Western Europe, 186-236. Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, 1988.

   ■ Magone, José Maria. European Portugal: The Difficult Road to Sustainable Democracy. Basingstoke, U.K.: Macmillan, 1997.

   ■ Maxwell, Kenneth. The Making of Portuguese Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.

   ■, ed. Portugal in the 1980s: Dilemmas of Democratic Consolidation. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.

   ■ Maxwell, Kenneth R., and Scott C. Monje, eds. Portugal: The Constitution and the Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-1989. New York: Camões Center, RIIC, Camões Center Special Report No. 2, Columbia University, 1991.

   ■ Opello, Walter C., Jr. "The New Parliament in Portugal." Legislative Studies Quarterly, 3 (May 1978): 309-334.

   ■. "Local Government and Political Culture in a Portuguese Rural County." Comparative Politics 13 (April 1981): 271-89.

   ■. "Portugal's Administrative Elite: Social Origins and Political Attitudes." West European Politics 6 (Jan. 1983): 63-74.

   ■. Portugal's Political Development: A Comparative Approach. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1985.

   ■ Pinto Balsemão, Francisco. "The Constitution and Politics: Options for the Future." In K. Maxwell, ed., Portugal in the 1980s, 197-232. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.

   ■ Sartori, Giovanni. "Portugal." In Sartori, G, ed., Parties and Party Systems. Vol. 1, 131-45. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976. Secretary of State for Mass Communications. Constitution of the Portuguese Republic [1976]. Lisbon, 1977.

   ■ Contemporary Portugal since 1974

   ■ Aguiar, Joaquim. A Ilusão do poder: Analise do Sistema Partidário, 19761982. Lisbon, 1983. Almeida, Diniz de. Orígens e Evolução do Movimento dos Capitães. Lisbon, 1977.

   ■. Ascensao, Apogeu e Queda do MFA, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1979.

   ■ Alves, Márcio Moreira. Les Soldats Socialistes du Portugal. Paris: Gallimard, 1975.

   ■ Antunes, José Freire. Sá Carneiro: Um Meteoro Nos Anos Setenta. Lisbon, 1982.

   ■. O Segredo do 25 de Novembro. Mem Martins, 1983.

   ■ Arouca, Manuel. Os Filhos Da Costa Do Sol. Mem Martins, 1989. Audibert, Pierre, and Daniel Brignon. Portugal: Les nouveaux centurions. Paris, 1974.

   ■ Baptista, Jacinto. Caminhos para uma revolução. Lisbon, 1975. Barreto, Antônio. Memórias da Reforma Agrária. Mem Martins: Europa-Amé-rica, 1983.

   ■, and C. V. Preto, eds. A Situação Social em Portugal, 1960-1996. Lisbon: Instituto de Ciências Sociais, 1996.

   ■ Bermeo, Nancy Gina. "Worker Management in Industry: Reconciling Representative Government and Industrial Democracy in a Polarized Society." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 181-98. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.

   ■. The Revolution within the Revolution: Workers' Control in Rural Portugal. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1986.

   ■ Braeckman, Colette. Portugal: Revolution surveilée. Brussels: Rossei, 1975.

   ■ Braga da Cruz, Manuel. "O Presidente da República na génese e evolução do sistema de governor portugües." Análise social XXIX, 125-26 (1994): 237-65.

   ■, coord. "Portugal Político 25 Anos Depois." Análise Social XXXV, 154/155 (Summer 2000): 1-404. Bruneau, Thomas C. "Popular Support for Democracy in Post-revolutionary Portugal: Results from a Survey." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 21-42. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.

   ■. Politics and Nationhood: Post-Revolutionary Portugal. New York: Praeger, 1984.

   ■. "Portugal Fifteen Years after the April Revolution." Field Staff Reports ( 1989-90/ No. 1, Europe), 3-11. Indianapolis, Ind.: Universities Field Staff International, 1990.

   ■, and Alex Macleod. Politics in Contemporary Portugal: Parties and the Consolidation of Democracy. Boulder, Colo.: Rienner, 1986.

   ■ Carvalho, Ortelo Saraiva de. Cinco Meses Mudaram Portugal. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■. Alvorada em Abril. Lisbon, 1977.

   ■ Cid, Augusto. PREC-Processo Revolucionário Eventualmente Chocante. Viseu, 1977.

   ■ Costa Lobo, Marina, and Pedro C. Magalhaes. "From 'Third Wave' to 'Third Way': Europe and the Portuguese Socialists (1975-1999)," Journal of Southern Europe and the Balkans 3, no. 1 (2001), 25-35.

   ■ Costa Pinto, Antônio, ed. Modern Portugal. Palo Alto, Calif.: SPOSS, 1998.

   ■, and Nuno Severiano Teixeira, eds. Southern Europe and the Making of the European Union. New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 2002.

   ■ Cunhal, Alvaro. A Revolução Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■ Dias, Eduardo Mayone. Portugal's Secret Jews: The End of an Era. Rumford, R.I.: Peregrinação Publications, 1999.

   ■ Downs, Charles. "Comissões de Moradores and Urban Struggles in Revolutionary Portugal." International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 4 (1986): 267-94.

   ■. Revolution at the Grassroots: Community Organizations in the Portuguese Revolution. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1989.

   ■ Dufour, Jean-Marc. Prague sur Tage. Paris, 1975.

   ■ Durão Barroso, José. Le systémepolitiqueportugais face à l'intégration euro-péenne. Lisbon, 1983.

   ■ Eisfeid, Rainer. "Portugal: What Role/What Future?" In K. Maxwell, ed., Portugal Ten Years after the Revolution. New York: RIIC, Columbia University, 1984.

   ■. Sozialistischer Pluralismus in Europa: Ansãtze und Scheitern am Beispiel Portugal. Cologne: Verlag Wissenchaft ünd Politik, 1985.

   ■. "Portugal and Western Europe." In K. Maxwell, ed., Portugal in the 1980s, 29-62. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.

   ■ Farinha, Luis. "Regresso a Europa. Uma opcao feliz." Historia. XXIX; 95, III series (March 2007), 23-33.

   ■ Faye, Jean-Pierre, ed. Portugal: The Revolution in the Labyrinth. Nottingham, U.K.: Spokesman, 1976. Ferreira, Hugo Gil, and Michael W. Marshall. Portugal's Revolution: Ten Years On. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986. Figueira, João Costa. Cavaco Silva: Homem de Estado. Lisbon, 1987. Filoche, Gérard. Printemps Portugais. Paris: Editions Action, 1984. Frémontier, Jacques. Os Pontos nos ii. Lisbon, 1976. Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian. 25 de Abril-10 anos depois. Lisbon, 1984. Futscher Pereira, Bernardo. "Portugal and Spain." In K. Maxwell, ed. Portugal in the 1980s, 63-87. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.

   ■ Gama, Jaime. Política Externa Portuguesa 1983-85: Ministério dos Negôcios Estrangeiros. Lisbon, 1986.

   ■. "Preface." In J. Calvet de Magalhães, A. de Vasconcelos, and J. Ramos Silva, eds., Portugal: An Atlantic Paradox, 9-11. Lisbon, 1990. Gaspar, Jorge, and Nuno Vitorino. As Eleições De 25 De Abril: Geografia E Imagem Dos Partidos. Lisbon, 1976.

   ■. "10 Anos de Democracia: Reflexos na geografia política." In E. de Sousa Ferreira and W. C. Opelio, Jr., eds., Conflict and Change in Portugal 1974-1984/ Conflitos e Mudanças em Portugal, 1974-1984, 135-55. Lisbon, 1985.

   ■, et al. As Eleições para assembleia da república, 1979-1983: Estudos de geografia eleitoral. Lisbon, 1984. Gaspar, Jorge, and Nuno Vitorino, eds. Portugal em mapas e em números. Lisbon, 1981.

   ■ Giaccone, Fausto. Una Storia Portoghese/ Uma História Portuguesa. Palermo: Randazzo Focus, 1987.

   ■ Gladdish, Ken. "Portugal: An Open Verdict." In Geoffrey Pridham, ed. Securing Democracy: Political Parties and Democratic Consolidation in Southern Europe, 104-25. London and New York: Routledge, 1990.

   ■ Graham, Lawrence S. The Decline and Collapse of an Authoritarian Order. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage, 1975.

   ■, and Harry M. Makler, eds. Contemporary Portugal: The Revolution and Its Antecedents. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979.

   ■, and Douglas L. Wheeler, eds. In Search of Modern Portugal: The Revolution and Its Consequences. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.

   ■ Grayson, George W. "Portugal and the Armed Forces Movement." Orbis XIX, 2 (Summer 1975): 335-78.

   ■ Green, Gil. Portugal's Revolution. New York: International, 1976.

   ■ Hammond, John L. Building Popular Power: Workers' and Neighborhood Movements in the Portuguese Revolution. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1988.

   ■ Harsgor, Michael. Naissance d'un Nouveau Portugal. Paris: Ed. du Seuil, 1975.

   ■. Portugal in Revolution. Washington, D.C.: CSIS and Sage, 1976.

   ■ Harvey, Robert. Portugal, Birth of a Democracy. London: Macmillan, 1978.

   ■ Herr, Richard, ed. Portugal: The Long Road to Democracy and Europe. Berkeley, Calif.: International and Area Studies, 1992.

   ■ Insight Team of the Sunday [London] Times. Insight on Portugal: The Year of the Captains. London: Deutsch, 1975.

   ■ Janitschek, Hans. Mario Soares: Portrait of a Hero. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1985.

   ■ Keefe, Eugene K., et al. Area Handbook for Portugal, 1st ed. Washington, D.C.: Foreign Area Studies of American University, 1977. Kramer, Jane. "A Reporter at Large: The Portuguese Revolution." The New Yorker (Dec. 15, 1975): 92-131.

   ■ Lauré, Jason, and Ettagal Lauré. Jovem Portugal: After the Revolution. New York: Straus, Farrar and Giroux, 1977.

   ■ Livermore, H. V. A New History of Portugal. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976.

   ■ Lourenço, Eduardo. Os Militares e O Poder. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■. O Fascismo Nunca Existiu. Lisbon, 1976.

   ■. "Identidade e Memôria: o caso português." In E. de Sousa Ferreira and W. C. Opello, Jr., eds., Conflict and Change in Portugal, 1974-l 984, 17-22. Lisbon, 1985.

   ■ Lucena, Manuel. Evolução e Instituições: A Extinção dos Grémios da Lavoura Alentejanos. Mem Martins, 1984.

   ■. "A herança de duas revoluções." In M. Baptista Coelho, ed., Portugal: O Sistema Político e Constitucional, 1974-87, 505-55. Lisbon, 1989.

   ■ Macedo, Jorge Braga de, and S. Serfaty. Portugal since the Revolution: Economic and Political Perspectives. New York: Praeger, 1981.

   ■ Magone, José M. European Portugal: The Difficult Road to Sustainable Democracy. New York: St. Martin's, 1997. Mailer, Phil. Portugal: The Impossible Revolution. London: Solidarity, 1977. Manta, João Abel. Cartoons/ 1969-1975. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■ Manuel, Paul C. Uncertain Outcome: The Politics of Portugal's Transition to Democracy. Lanham, Md. and London: University Press of America, 1994.

   ■ Mateus, Rui. Contos Proibidos. Memorias de Um PS Desconhecido, 3rd ed. Lisbon: Dom Quixote, 1996.

   ■ Maxwell, Kenneth. "Portugal under Pressure." The New York Review of Books (May 2, 1974).

   ■. "The Hidden Revolution in Portugal." The New York Review of Books (April 17, 1975).

   ■. "The Thorns of the Portuguese Revolution." Foreign Affairs 54, 2 (Jan. 1976): 250-70.

   ■. "The Communists and the Portuguese Revolution." Dissent 27, 2 (Spring 1980): 194-206.

   ■. Portugal in the 1980s: Dilemmas of Democratic Consolidation. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.

   ■. The Making of Portuguese Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.

   ■, ed. "Portugal: Toward the Twenty-First Century." Camoes Center Quarterly 5, 3-4 (Fall 1995): 6-55.

   ■, ed. The Press and the Rebirth of Iberian Democracy. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1983.

   ■. Portugal Ten Years after the Revolution: Reports of Three Columbia University-Gulbenkian Workshops. New York: Research Institute on International Change, Columbia University, 1984.

   ■ Maxwell, Kenneth, and Michael H. Haltzel, eds. Portugal: Ancient Country, Young Democracy. Washington, D.C.: Wilson Center Press, 1990.

   ■ Medeiros Ferreira, José. Ensaio Histórico sobre a revolução do 25 de Abril. Lisbon, 1983.

   ■ Medina, João, ed. Portugal De Abril: Do 25 Aos Nossos Dias. In Medina, ed., História Contemporãnea De Portugal. Lisbon, 1985. Merten, Peter. Anarchismus ünd Arbeiterkãmpf in Portugal. Hamburg: Libertare, 1981.

   ■ Miranda, Jorge. Constituição e Democracia. Lisbon, 1976.

   ■. A Constituição de 1976. Lisbon, 1978.

   ■ Morrison, Rodney J. Portugal: Revolutionary Change in an Open Economy. Boston: Auburn House, 1981.

   ■ Mujal-Leôn, Eusebio. "The PCP [Portuguese Communist Party] and the Portuguese Revolution." Problems of Communism 26 (Jan.- Feb. 1977): 21-41.

   ■ Neves, Mário. Missão em Moscovo. Lisbon, 1986.

   ■ Oliveira, César. M. F. A. e Revolução Socialista. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■. Os Anos Decisivos: Portugal 1962-1985. Um testemunho. Lisbon: Presença, 1993.

   ■ Opello, Waiter C., Jr. Portugal's Political Development: A Comparative Approach. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1985.

   ■. Portugal: From Monarchy to Pluralist Democracy. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1991.

   ■ Pell, Senator Claiborne H. Portugal ( Including the Azores and Spain) in Search of New Directions: Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976.

   ■ Pereira, J. Pacheco. "A Case of Orthodoxy: The Communist Party of Portugal." In Waller and Fenema, eds., Communist Parties in Western Europe: Adaptation or Decline? Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988.

   ■ Pilmott, Ben. "Socialism in Portugal: Was It a Revolution?" Government and Opposition 7 (Summer 1977).

   ■. "Were the Soldiers Revolutionary? The Armed Forces Movement in Portugal, 1973-1976." Iberian Studies 7, 1 (1978): 13-21.

   ■, and Jean Seaton. "Political Power and the Portuguese Media." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 43-57. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.

   ■ Porch, Douglas. The Portuguese Armed Forces and the Revolution. London: Croom Helm and Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, 1977.

   ■ Pouchin, Dominique. Portugal, quelle révolution? Paris, 1976.

   ■ Pulido Valente, Vasco. "E Viva Otelo." In Pulido Valente, V., ed., O País das Maravilhas, 451-54. Lisbon, 1979 [anthology of articles from weekly Lisbon paper, Expresso].

   ■. Estudos Sobre a Crise Nacional. Lisbon, 1980.

   ■ Rebelo de Sousa, Marcelo. O Sistema de Governo Português antes e depois da Revisão Constitucional, 3rd ed. Lisbon, 1981. Rêgo, Raúl. Militares, Clérigos e Paisanos. Lisbon, 1981. Robinson, Richard A. H. Contemporary Portugal: A History. London: Allen & Unwin, 1979.

   ■ Rodrigues, Avelino, Cesário Borga, and Mário Cardoso. O Movemento dos Capitães e o 25 de Abril. Lisbon, 1974.

   ■. Portugal Depois De Abril. Lisbon, 1976.

   ■ Ruas, H. B., ed. A Revolução das Flores. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■ Rudel, Christian. La Liberte couleur d'oeillet. Paris: Fayard, 1980.

   ■ Sa, Tiago Moreira de. Os Americanos na Revolucao Portuguesa ( 1974-1976). Lisbon: Edit. Noticias, 2004.

   ■ Sá Carneiro, Francisco. Por Uma Social-Democracia Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■ Sanches Osôrio, Helena. Um Só Rosto. Uma Só Fé. Conversas Com Adelino Da Palma Carlos. Lisbon, 1988. Sanches Osôrio, J. The Betrayal of the 25th of April in Portugal. Madrid: Sedmay, 1975.

   ■ Schmitter, Philippe C. "Liberation by Golpe: Retrospective Thoughts on the Demise of Authoritarian Rule in Portugal." Armed Forces and Society 2 (1974): 5-33.

   ■. "An Introduction to Southern European Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Italy, Greece, Portugal, Spain and Turkey." In G. O'Donnell,

   ■ P. C. Schmitter, and L. Whitehead, eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule, 3-10. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986.

   ■ Silva, Fernando Dioga da. "Uma Administração Envelhecido." Revista da Ad-ministraçao Pública 2 (Oct.-Dec. 1979).

   ■ Simões, Martinho, ed. Relatório Do 25 De Novembro: Texto Integral, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1976.

   ■ Soares, Isabel, ed. Mário Soares: O homem e o político. Lisbon, 1976. Soares, Mário. Democratização e Descolonização: Dez meses no Governo Provisório. Lisbon, 1975. Sobel, Lester A., ed. Portuguese Revolution, 1974-1976. New York: Facts on File, Inc., 1976.

   ■ Spínola, Antônio de. Portugal e o Futuro. Lisbon, 1974.

   ■. País Sem Rumo: Contributo para a História de uma Revolução. Lisbon, 1978.

   ■ Stock, Maria José. Os Partidos do Poder: Dez Anos Depois do " 25 De Abril." Evora, 1986.

   ■ Story, Jonathan. "Portugal's Revolution of Carnations: Patterns of Change and Continuity." International Affairs 52 (July 1976): 417-34. Sweezey, Paul. "Class Struggles in Portugal." Monthly Review 27, 4 (Sept. 1975): 1-26.

   ■ Szulc, Tad. "Lisbon and Washington: Behind Portugal's Revolution." Foreign Policy 21 (Winter 1975-76): 3-62. Tavares de Almeida, Antônio. Balsemão: O retrato. Lisbon, 1981. "Vasco." Desenhos Políticos. Lisbon, 1974.

   ■ Vasconcelos, Alvaro. "Portugal in Atlantic-Mediterranean Security." In Douglas T. Stuart, ed., Politics and Security in the Southern Region of the Atlantic Alliance, 117-36. London: Macmillan, 1988.

   ■ Wheeler, Douglas L. "Golpes militares e golpes literários. A literatura do golpe de 25 de Abril de 1974 em contexto histôrico." Penélope. Fazer E Desfazer A História, 19-20 (1998): 191-212.

   ■. "Tributo ao Historiador dos Historiadores. Memorias de A.H.de Oliveira Marques (1933-2007)," Historia XXIX, 95, III series (March 2007), 18-22.

   ■ Wiarda, Howard J. Transcending Corporatism? The Portuguese Corporative System and the Revolution of 1974. Columbia: Institute of International Studies, University of South Carolina, 1976.

   ■. The Transition to Democracy in Spain and Portugal. Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1989. Wise, Audrey. Eyewitness in Revolutionary Portugal. With a Preface by Judith Hart, MP. London: Spokesman, 1975.

   ■ PHYSICAL FEATURES: GEOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY, FAUNA, AND FLORA

   ■ Birot, Pierre. Le Portugal: Étude de géographie régionale. Paris, 1950.

   ■ Embleton, Clifford. Geomorphology of Europe. London: Macmillan, 1984.

   ■ Girão, Aristides de Amorim. Divisão regional, divisão agrícola e divisão administrativa. Coimbra, 1932.

   ■. Condições geográficos e históricas de autonomia política de Portugal. Coimbra, 1935.

   ■. Atlas de Portugal, 2nd ed. Coimbra, 1958.

   ■ Ribeiro, Orlando. Portugal, O Mediterrâneo e o Altântico. Coimbra, 1945 and later eds.

   ■. Portugal. Volume V of Geografia de Espana y Portugal. Barcelona, 1955.

   ■. Ensaios de Geografia Humana e regio nal. Lisbon, 1970.

   ■. A geografia e a divisão regional do país. Lisbon, 1970.

   ■ Stanislawski, Dan. The Individuality of Portugal. Austin: The University of Texas Press, 1959.

   ■. Portugal's Other Kingdom: The Algarve. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1963.

   ■ Taylor, Albert William. Wild Flowers of Spain and Portugal. London: Chatto & Windus, 1972.

   ■ Way, Ruth, and Margaret Simmons. A Geography of Spain and Portugal. London: Methuen, 1962.

   ■ ARCHAEOLOGY AND PREHISTORY

   ■ "Actas do Colóquio Inter-Universitário do Noroeste Peninsular (Porto-Baião, 1988), vol. II, Proto-História, romanização e Idade Média." In Trabalhos de antropologia e etnologia. 28, 3-4 (1988).

   ■ Alarcão, Jorge de, ed. "Do Paleolítico va arte visigótica." Vol. 1, História da

   ■ Arte em Portugal. Lisbon: Alfa, 1986.

   ■. Roman Portugal, 3 vols. Warminister, U.K.: Aris & Phillips, 1988.

   ■. Portugal Das Orígens A Romanização. Vol. I. In J. Serrão and A. H. de Oliveira Marques, eds. Nova História de Portugal. Lisbon: Presença, 1990. Anderson, James M., and M. S. Lea. Portugal 1001 Sights: An Archaeological and Historical Guide. Calgary, Alberta: University of Calgary and Robert Hale, 1994.

   ■ Balmuth, Miriam S., Antonio Gilman, and Lourdes Prados-Torreira, eds. Encounters and Transformations: The Archaeology of Iberia in Transition. Monographs in Mediterranean Archaeology, no. 7. Sheffield, U.K.: Sheffield Academic Press, 1997.

   ■ Beirão, C. M. M. Une civilization protohistorique du Sud au Portugal ( 1er Age du Fer). Paris: D. Boccard, 1986.

   ■ Cardoso, João Luís, Santinho A. Cunha, and Delberto Aguiar. O Homem Pre-Histórico no Concelho de Oeiras. Oeiras, Portugal: Estudos Arquelógicos de Oeiras, 1991.

   ■ Harrison, Richard J. The Bell Beaker Cultures of Spain and Portugal. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1977.

   ■ Mangas, Júlio, ed. Hispania epigraphica. Madrid, 1989.

   ■ Maloney, Stephanie J. "The Villa of Toerre de Palma, Portugal: Archaeology and Preservation." Portuguese Studies Review VIII, 1 (Fall-Winter, 1999-2000): 14-28.

   ■ Savory, H. N. Spain and Portugal: The Prehistory of the Iberian Peninsula. London, 1968.

   ■ Silva, A. C. F. A cultura castreja no Noroeste de Portugal. Paços de Ferreira:

   ■ Museu da Citânia de Sanfins, 1986. Straus, L. G. Iberia before the Iberians. Albuquerque, N.M., 1992.

   ■ FOREIGN TRAVELERS AND RESIDENTS' ACCOUNTS

   ■ Andersen, Hans Christian. A Visit to Portugal 1866. London: Peter Owen, 1972.

   ■ Beckford, William. Italy, with Sketches of Spain and Portugal. Paris: Baudry's European Library, 1834.

   ■. The Journal of William Beckford in Portugal and Spain 1787-1788.

   ■ Boyd Alexander, ed. London: Hart-Davies, 1954.

   ■. Recollections of an Excursion to the Monasteries of Alcoboca and Batalha. Fontwell, U.K.: Centaur Press, 1972.

   ■ Bell, Aubrey F. G. In Portugal. London: Bodley Head, 1912.

   ■ Borrow, George. The Bible in Spain, 2 vols. London: Constable, 1923 ed.

   ■ Chaves, Castelo Branco. Os livros de viagens em Portugal no século XVIII e a sua projecção europeia. Lisbon, 1977.

   ■ Costigan, Arthur William. Sketches of Society and Manners in Portugal. London: T. Vernon, 1787.

   ■ Crawfurd, Oswald. Portugal Old and New. London: Kegan, Paul, 1880.

   ■. Round the Calendar in Portugal. London: Chapman & Hall, 1890.

   ■ Darymple, William. Travels through Spain and Portugal in 1774. London: J. Almon, 1777.

   ■ Dumouriez, Charles Francois Duperrier. An Account of Portugal as It Appeared in 1766. London: C. Law, 1797.

   ■ Fielding, Henry. Jonathan Wild and the Journal of a Voyage to Lisbon. London: J. M. Dent, 1932.

   ■ Fullerton, Alice. To Portugal for Pleasure. London: Grafton, 1945.

   ■ Gibbons, John. I Gathered No Moss. London: Robert Hale, 1939.

   ■ Gordon, Jan, and Cora Gordon. Portuguese Somersault. London: Harrap, 1934.

   ■ Hewitt, Richard. A Cottage in Portugal. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996.

   ■ Huggett, Frank. South of Lisbon: Winter Travels in Southern Portugal. London: Gollancz, 1960.

   ■ Hume, Martin. Through Portugal. London: Richards, 1907.

   ■ Hyland, Paul. Backwards Out of the Big World: A Voyage into Portugal. Hammersmith, U.K.: HarperCollins, 1996.

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